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WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT

 

* Shanmkha Rao. Padala ** Dr.N.V.S.Suryanarayana

 

 

            The present world population is 7.1 billions, which is growing at the rate of 97 millions people per year will touch 8.5 billion by the year 2025. About 95 per cent of the population growth will be in the developing countries. The Asian population is 3.55 billions, which may reaches 4.54 billions by 2025 and women constitute around half-of the total world population (V.K. Singh, 2007). As world economic profile of women shows, women represent 50 per cent of the world population make up 30 per cent of the official labour force, perform 60 per cent of all working hours, receive 10 per cent of world income and own even less than one per cent of the world's property (M.A. Sudhir et. all, 2007).

There is an emerging need to improve women status should start with empowerment. Empowerment is the process through which individuals gain efficiency, defined as the degree to which an individual perceives that they controls their environment. In the words of Karl (1995) opines that empowerment of women involves four interrelated and mutually reinforcing components: (1) collective awareness and capacity building and skills development, (2) participation and greater control, (3) decision making power and (4) action to bring about gender equality.

International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo stressed on women empowerment and opined that country's overall development and quality of people's life is more depended on women empowerment (ICPD Report, 1994). In the words of former President of India APJ Abdul Kalam, "empowering women is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation" (Sharma Sheetal, 2006).

According to Asis Kumar Pain (2007) describes in his study that women comprise almost 50 per cent of the world population, live in abject poverty and utter distress. It is evident that in Pakistan and Maldives women are still found to be a disempowered a lot. But in case of Bhutan, empowerment of women has been found to be more or less equitable. Biswas (1999) developed eleven indicators of women's empowerment viz., 1. mobility, 2. decision making power, 3. autonomy, 4. economic security, 5. freedom from domination by the family, 6. political and legal awareness,   7. participation in public protests and political campaign, 8. contribution to family expenditure or income, 9. reproductive right, 10. exposure to information, and           11. participation in development programmes.

When a woman is empowered it does not mean another individual becomes powerless or is having less power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered her competencies towards decision-making will surely influence her family's and neighbor's behaviour. The presence of these spillover effects will thus create a ‘social multiplier', where aggregate power will be greater than individual power. This indicates that ‘woman is a person and women are a power'. Based on this Micro-Finance or Self-Help Groups are successful to develop the entrepreneurship among the women.

In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of increase in the number of self-employed women after the World War II. In USA, women own 25 per cent of all business, eventhough their sales on an average are less than two-fifths of those of other small business. In Canada, one-third of small business is owned by women and in France, it is one-fifth (Kumar, 2004). 90 per cent of the rural women are unskilled and 88 per cent are illiterate which makes them vulnerable to exploit and economically dependent on men. No serious efforts have been made to improve the condition of women. There is a need to promote as entrepreneurship through which women of rural areas are empowered (Minakshi Sudarshan Mehta, 2006).

Entrepreneurship Development is a very crucial factor for the acceleration of economic growth of any country and women entrepreneurship development is an essential part of human resource development. Women entrepreneurs have started show in more interest because it provides them an opportunity to be one's own boss, the challenges they want to face and the chances of making more money, which outweigh their family duties. Moreover, technological development empowers women to acquire more relevant qualifications and values to meet the demands of entrepreneurship. To fill the gap in the implementation of this erstwhile self-employment must be designed to development of entrepreneurship among the women, through which possible to develop the women empowerment.

India has made tremendous progress in various spheres of life during the last five and half decades. Its economy has expanded and diversified, society has become cohesive and polity democratized. It has also been facing many problems, some of which have successfully been solved, but many others still remain unsolved. Poverty is one such challenge India has been facing today.

To fill these gaps the Government of India announced a holistic programme called Swarna Jayanti, Gram Swarozgar Yojana, which is based on group approach to rural poor were organized into Self-Help Groups (SHGs) provided micro-credit and look up viable economic activities on their own.

        While most of the development programmes address themselves to alleviating the condition of poor who live below subsistence levels. Women, who from the single largest disadvantaged section of gender oppression to the already existing caste and class oppression are seldom given priority in such programmes. Majority of these women come from the lowest strata of the caste/class hierarchy. Their caste affiliation restricts their mobility; their class membership limits their access to productive resource, while their gender role minimizes their economic participation, it being limited only extensions of domestic order. As such, they are marginalized as workers, are found in situations of immense exploitation and victimization and are therefore forced to a status of invisibility and powerlessness. Despite their invisibility in the labour force and their powerlessness in the family, it is their meager but substantial income that sustain and meets the needs of the family. This is particularly, the case, when unemployment among men is high and where the major item of expenditure is alcohol and gambling.

 

Empowerment of Women in India:

Women constitute about 48 per cent of total population of the country as per the 2001 census; they suffer many disadvantages as compared to men in terms of literacy rates, labour participation rates and earnings. In order to address issues relating to social and economic advancement of women, the Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) under the Ministry of Human Resource Development has been implementing various schemes. The National Policy of Employment of women was adopted in the country in 2001 with the ultimate objective of ensuring women their rightful.

The major strategies of women empowerment include – social empowerment, economic empowerment and gender justice i.e. to eliminate all types of discrimination against women and the girl child. Social empowerment of women is designed to create an enabling environment by adopting various affirmative policies and programmes for development women, besides providing them easy and equal access   to all the basic   minimum services to enable them to realize their full potential. Education being an important tool for social empowerment of women, specific schemes to provide incentives to promote education, especially amongst girl children and reduce the school dropout rates are being implemented. Two important schemes viz. ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan' and ‘Mahila Samakhya' is being implemented by department of education is a special effort to stretch the reach of education especially to the girl child. In addition, the Department of   Women Child Development implements the schemes of ‘Condensed courses for educated and vocational training' and ‘Distance Education Programme for Women' supplementing the efforts of Department of Education.     

 

Women Entrepreneurship in India:

Women have a unique position in the society. Real Development cannot take place if it is bypasses women, who not only represent one half of a country's population but also the kernels around which societal revolution take place.  Entrepreneurship enhances financial independence and self esteem of women.  Around 50 per cent of India's population is women, yet business spheres such as trade, commerce and industry is still considered a male preserve.  Entrepreneurial   work has also been predominantly a man's world in India, are women.  Among the states, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka have more women entrepreneurs. 

Indian women are in no way inferior to men in all walks of life and they can be good entrepreneurs as men in the country.  Therefore, it is essential to exploit the potential of Indian women.  Women's participation in trade, industry and commerce, requiring entrepreneurship is still poor, mainly because of the problems associated with their gender roles.  Therefore, promotion of entrepreneurship and economic empowerment of women poses a challenge to the government, funding agencies and non-government organizations.   It is important for these people on the limitations faced by the women and to plan supporting systems to enhance the women entrepreneurship in India. 

Objectives of the Study:

 

1. i.                    To study the profile and nature of enterprises owned by women.
2. ii.                  To evaluate the performance of business enterprises carried by rural women entrepreneurs.
3. iii.                To offer suggestions for promoting empowerment among rural women.

 

 

Methodology:

 

            Srikakulam, East Godavari, Chittor, Kurnool Warangal and Khammam of Andhra Pradesh, India have been selected on the basis of number of Self-Help.  Groups lined to the banks as on 31.03.2007, in the first stage of sampling.  The selection of mandals in each of the selected district in the second stage of sampling.  The selection of the villages in each of the selected mandal in the third stage of sampling.  The sample groups are selected in the final stage of sampling on a random basis from the villages selected. Based on the information furnished by the Official records, the mandals and subsequently villages were selected based on the number of group member's actively carrying income generating activities.  In selecting the groups, it is felt to select only those groups in the village which are cooperative.  Accordingly the following 133 SHGs have been finalized from each selected village (Table. 1).

From each group three members have been selected on random basis making the sample 400 members.  Data have been collected from the members of the group with the help of interview schedule. One of the primary objectives of Self Help Groups is that each member should undertake income generating activity.  The groups which availed of assistance for individual activities have chosen a wide spectrum of income generating activities, which are by and large are area-specific.  The following are income generating activities selected by the respondents under study.

            1. Dairy  2. Powders and Pickles   3. Garments   4. Kirana and Tea Stall 5. Vegetables   6. Adda leaf, Agarbatti and Candles   7. Construction Material 8. Coconut and Coir  9. Handicrafts 10. Sweets and Bakery 11.  Dry Fish   12. Lace and Leather Bags.

 

Women Entrepreneurship Development:

           

Education is a boon to mankind, while lack of education to a person is a bane now-a-days.  The confidence of illiterate women is generally low in comparison to literate women.  The study revealed that out of 400 respondents in the sample, 62 members (15.50 per cent) are illiterates.  Such illiterates are found more in Warangal (20.24 per cent) Kurnool (19.05 per cent) and East Godavari (17.50 per cent) districts. 

The study further shows that 207 respondents (51.75 per cent) have studied between First and Fifth class while 98 respondents (24.50 per cent) studied between Sixth class and Ninth class.  There are however a few respondents who have studied SSC (6.50 per cent), Intermediate (1.25 per cent), Degree (0.50 per cent).  Respondents with intermediate and Degree education were found in Warangal, Khamman, Kurnool and East Godavari Districts only.  On the whole, it can be concluded that majority of the respondents have studied below Ninth class only.

The possession of consumer durables such as Television, Radio, LPG, Mixi, Fan, Gold Ornaments, Moped, Refrigerator and Telephone etc. reflects the standard of living as well as life style of an individual.  Larger the number of these consumer goods possessed by an individual, higher is the standard of living and vice versa.  The ownership of these consumers is durables in the function of individual's discretionary income. Higher the discretionary income, larger the number of consumer durables under the possession of an individual and vice versa.

The study revealed that a little over 95.75 per cent of the members have possessed either Table Fan or Ceiling Fan, 88.00 per cent possessed LPG, 44.25 per cent possessed different gold ornaments.  44.00 per cent possessed Television and 40.75 per cent possessed Radio.  Surprisingly there are a few members who possess Telephone as well as Refrigerator.  The same phenomenon is found among all the members belonging to the six districts under study.  Thus it can be inferred that the standard of living as well as life style of the SHG members under study is satisfactory.

An attempt is made in the study to find out the usual habits of the women under study and the information is presented in Table-2.  It is clear from the table that out of 400 sample SHG members only 24 women (6.00 per cent) read daily news papers, 176 women (44 per cent) watch television, 395 members (98.75 percent) visits cinemas,  387 members (96.75 per cent) visit bank premises and 378 members ( 94.50 per cent) visit government offices.  It is common phenomenon that though some of the group members do not possess television, they used to watch their neighbor's television.  Thus it can be concluded that barring reading news paper habit, majority of the SHG women members have been in the habit of watching television, seeing cinemas, visiting bank premises and visiting government offices.  The predominance of illiteracy and meager education is the primary reason for absence of news paper reading habit among the women under study.

The study revealed that as many as 363 members accounting for 90.75 per cent have joined in the group in order to get eligibility for availing government schemes followed by 329 members (82.25 per cent) who joined in the group to avail Bank loans at low interest rates.  163 members (40.75 per cent) have joined in the group to avail internal loans to meet the domestic needs.   260 members (65.00 per cent) have joined in the group to get self satisfaction; 230 members (57.50 per cent) joined as member to cultivate savings habit.  On the whole it can be concluded that whatever may be the reason the members have joined the group as member with a good intention and the two dominating reasons are to avail government schemes and to avail Bank loan at lower interest rates.

             One of the main objectives of SHG movement is that a member should undertake income generating activity by choosing a business venture of her own choice.   Table 3 shows the reasons for starting the business by the women under study.  The members have given more than one reason.  It is clear from the table that 137 members (34.25 percent) started the business as a result of encouragement received from husband and others, 126 members (31.50 per cent) started business out of frustration with earlier job and 121 members (30.25 per cent) started business to get financial liberty.  The same phenomenon is found among the members belong to the five districts under study.  On the whole it can be concluded that the members have started the business with a good intention to earn money to supplement the family income.

Table 4 shows distribution of category-wise respondents by type of economic activity.  It is clear from the table that comparatively larger number of members is found in economic activities such as Powders and Pickles (14.25 per cent) followed by Garments (12.50 per cent) Dairy (11.50 per cent) Kirana and Tea stalls (11.25 percent) Handicrafts (9.25 per cent).   The presence of forward caste members are found in economic activities such as Dairy, Powder and Pickles, Kirana and Tea Stalls and Sweets and Bakery, while the presence of members belonging to backward caste are found in activities such as Garments, Vegetables, Handicrafts, Coconut and Coir etc., It is surprising to note that members belonging to SC and ST communities are also found in economic activities such as Dairy, Kirana and Tea Stalls, Adda Leaf, Agarbatti and Candles etc., None of the forward caste members, the members who are running Kirana and Tea Stalls are none other than Vysya community people.  On the whole, it can be concluded that majority of the sample members have chosen Powders and Pickles, Garments, Dairy, Kirana and Tea Stalls and Handicraft activities.

Savings are the backbone of success of Self Help Groups, as cultivation of the savings habit among the members is ultimate objective of the SHG Scheme.  Table 5 shows district-wise accumulated savings of the Self Help Group members as on date of enquiry.   It is seen from the table that the accumulated savings of the members under study amount to Rs.24, 64,500.  In other words, on an average accumulated savings of each member as on date of enquiry amount to Rs.6, 161.  The accumulated savings comprises of 1) Penalties 2) Interest on Bank Savings 3) Interest on Internal Loans and 4) Resource persons fees.   The table further shows that the average accumulated savings of the members belonging to East Godavari District is the highest (Rs.7, 183/-) while that of Khammam district is the least (Rs.5, 212/-) among the six districts under study.  On the whole, it can be concluded that the savings performance of the Self Help Group members under study relating to the six districts is appreciable.

The study revealed that as many as 166 members accounting for 41.50 per cent have availed group loans three times while 138 members accounting for 34.50 percent have availed two times.  There are however 65 members representing 16.25 percent who have availed group loans four times.   Among those members who availed internal loans four times, members belonging to Kurnool, Chittor, Srikakulam and East Godavari

Districts represent maximum number while among the members who availed group loan three times those belonging to Warangal, Khammam, Srikakulam and East Godavari district account for larger in number.  Thus it can be concluded that majority of the members under study have availed group loans more than thrice ever since they became group members.

The investment made by the respondents in different business activities as on date of enquiry is shown in Table 6.  It is clear from the table that the total investment made by all the respondents as on date of enquiry amounts to Rs.84.45 lakhs with an average investment of Rs.21,113.  The average investment varied between Rs.12,788 and Rs. 28,866. As seen from the table average investment is the highest in the case of Sweets and Bakery business followed by Lace and Leather Bags (Rs.28, 840), Construction material (Rs.28,088), Garments (Rs.23,562) and Handicrafts (Rs.23,532). The average investment is comparatively lesser in business activities such as Vegetables and Dolls (Rs.12, 788); Adda Leaf, Agarbatti and Candles (Rs.14, 119), Kirana and Tea Stalls (Rs.15,743) and Dry fish (Rs.16,211). On the whole the investment in each business activity carried by each SHG member is mediocre and is within the reach of each member as the banks are coming forward in providing loans to these members under bank linkage programme.

As a whole, it can be concluded that the repayment performance of members in the sample is not seen as a serious problem. From the business venture they have been generating sufficient income to enable them to repay the above loans. The few members who are irregular are found in business activities such as Adda Leaf, Agarbathi, Candles, Dry Fish, Vegetables, Dairy, Kirana and Tea Stalls etc., while the few members who are irregular in repayment of bank loan are found in Vegetables, Kirana and Tea Stalls, Dairy, Powder and Pickles, Handicrafts and Dry Fish (Table.7)

 The study revealed that as many as 75.00 percent of the members are selling their products in local markets followed by 29.00 percent who sell in DWCRA bazaars, 22.25 per cent who sell in Exhibitions, Melas and Pushkaras, 14.75 per cent who sell in Rytu Bazaar. Local Markets are the major sources of marketing for business activities such Kirana and Tea Stalls, Dairy, Pickles and Powders. DWCRA bazaars are also major source of marketing for business in the case of business activities like Pickles and Powders and Handicrafts. There are group members carrying Pickles and Powders, Vegetables and Coconut and Coir who sell their products in Rytu Bazaars. On the whole, it can be concluded that local markets, DWCRA Bazaars and Exhibitions, Melas and Pushkaras are the major source of marketing for the SHG members under study.

The study also revealed that inadequate capital is the problem mostly found in Pickles and Powders, Dairy, Kirana and Tea Stalls and Handicrafts while lack of publicity is the main problem mostly in the case of Garments and Handicrafts. Marketing is a major problem mostly found in business activities such as Handicrafts, Pickles and Powders, Vegetables and Garments. On the whole the major problem facing the members under study are inadequate capital, lack of publicity and low purchasing power of the rural people.

Insufficiency of internal loans is the major problem expressed by the majority of members carrying all the twelve business activities. Some members have expressed more than one problem. While competition for internal lending is the major problem in the case of majority of the members carrying business activity such as Construction Material, Adda Leaf, Agarbathi and Candles, Dry Fish, Lace and Leather Bags and Vegetables. The problem of distribution of bank loans not according to the needs of the members is expressed by more number of members carrying Adda Leaf, Agarbathi and Candles (33.33 per cent), Sweets and Bakery (25.00 per cent) and Garments (22.00 per cent), while the problem of partiality of group leaders is expressed by more number of members carrying business activities such as Dry Fish (27.78 per cent); and Dairy (15.22 per cent). Getting benefits by a very few is the problem expressed by members carrying Dry Fish (22.22 per cent) and Vegetables (16.67 per cent) traders. The problem of inability to maintain records and accounts is the major problem expressed by more number of members carrying Dry Fish (44.44 per cent), Coconut and Coir Business (30.30 per cent), Vegetables (25.00 per cent) and Dairy (19.57 per cent). Thus it can be concluded that all the members in the sample have facing one problem or the other.

The efficiency of a business activity is measured in terms of its income generating capacity. Towards this end, an attempt is made in the study to find out the amount of income derived by the members from each income generating activity.  Table 8 shows the average monthly income of the members from each business activity. It is seen from the table that the income generated by each business activity varied between Rs.1,850 (Sweets and Bakery) and Rs.819 (Vegetables). Activities such as Sweets and Bakery, Construction Materials, Lace and Leather Bags, Powders and Pickles, Garments and Handicrafts are yielding more income to the members compared to other business activities. Thus a vast majority of the members with the financial assistance under bank linkage programme have improved their economic condition.

 

Decision-making in a family for the purpose of present analysis has been categorized as

1. 1.      Husband dominated decisions
2. 2.      Wife dominated decisions
3. 3.      Joint decisions

            It is commonly observed that in a family some decisions are exclusively taken by the husband i.e. head of the family, some decisions are exclusively taken by the house wife, while some decisions are taken jointly by both husband and wife. There are some other decisions, which are exclusively taken by other members in the family viz., the children, and elders in the family etc. the more the number of decisions in the family is exclusively taken by the housewife, the more the freedom she enjoys in the family and vive versa. Against this background an attempt is made in the study to find out the extent the family members are taking buying decisions.

            Table 9 shows involvement of the respondent, her husband and others in the domestic decisions and business decisions. As can be seen from the table for domestic decisions, the role of husband is apparent while in the case of business decisions the role of wife is evident. Joint decision making is found more among members in the case of business decisions. Wife's role in the purchase of domestic items as well as business items is paramount among respondents relating to Warangal, Kurnool and Chitoor districts while the role of husband for domestic items and business item is paramount in other districts. Joint decision making in the purchase of business items is found among all the members belonging to all the districts under study. Thus it can be concluded that the involvement of husband is more common for all types of decisions among all the group members under study.

 

Conclusion:

 

            Women empowerment is a prerequisite for creating a good nation. If a women is empowered her competencies towards decision-making will surely influence her family's and society behaviour. The presence of these spillover effects will thus create a ‘social multiplier', where aggregate power is greater than individual power. There is an emerging need to promote women empowerment among the rural women. Towards this end, delivery of micro finance to the micro enterprises plays a significant role. Rural women with low income and lack of knowledge of available banking facilities can do little facilities can do little for the growth of banking habits on their own. For this, a concrete effort is needed to be taken up by the society, the government and by bankers themselves to enhance the standard of women with regard to banking habits. Imparting training to women in the realm of marketing and production go a long way in ameliorating their socio-economic lot. The Government has emerged as a major catalyst by way providing training incentives and other facilities to succeed particularly in rural areas to empower the women.

 

                       

References:

1. Bandura (1986), "Social Foundation of Through", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
2. Karl, M. (1995), "Women and Employment: Participation and Decision Making", Zed Books Limed, London.
3. Biswas (1999), "Measuring Women's empowerment some methodological issues", Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development Vol. 9, No.2, P.63-71.
4. International conference on Population and Development Report, 1994.
5. Asis Kumar Pain (2007), "Women empowerment in developing countries: The case of Pakistan, Maldives and Bhutan", the Icfai University Press, India, P.190-200.
6. Sudhir M.A et. all (2007), "Empowerment of rural women labour force", Anmol Publications Pvt., Ltd India.
7. Minakshi Sudarshan Mehta (2006), "Empowering rural women", Anmol Publications Pvt., Ltd, India.
8. Singh V.K and Sudershan K.N., (2007) "Population Education", Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
9. Dharmeja S.K. (2002), "Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance, Problems", Deep Publications (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India.
10. Ghosh Piyali and Cheruvalath Reena (2006), "Progress of Female Entrepreneurs in Low Income  Countries: A Theoretical Enquiry in India", The Icfai Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 3, No.3, September, 2006, P.9.
11. Kumar Anil (2004), "Financing Pattern of Enterprises owned by women entrepreneurs", The Indian Journal Of Commerce, Vol. 57, No. 2, April-June, P.73.
12. Rajendra N (2003), "Problems and prospects of women entrepreneurs", SEDME, Vol.30, No.4, December, P.40.
13. Raheem A (2006), "Role of SHGs", Yojana, Vol. 50, No.12, P.58.
14. Sharma Sheetal (2006), "Educated Women, Empowered Women", Yojana, Vol. 50, No.12, P.52.

 

 

Table .1

District-wise selection of sample

District

No

Warnagal

28

Khammam

22

Kurnool

07

Chittor

10

East Godavari

40

Srikakulam

26

Total

133

 

 

 

Table.2

DISTRIBUTION OF SHG MEMBERS BY THEIR HABITS

 

 

District

Nature of Habits

Reading News Papers

Watching  TV

Seeing Cinemas

Visiting Bank Premises

Visiting Govt. Offices

Total

Warangal

03 (03.57)

38

(45.24)

83 (98.81)

80

(95.24)

56

(66.67)

84

(100.00)

Khammam

01 (01.52)

27

(40.91)

66 (100.00)

66

(100.00)

46

(69.70)

66

(100.00)

Kurnool

04 (19.05)

12 (57.14)

21

(100.00)

21

(100.00)

17

(80.95)

21

(100.00)

Chittor

02 (06.67)

14

(46.67)

30 (100.00)

30

(100.00)

23

(76.67)

30

(100.00)

East Godavari

12 (10.00)

55

(45.83)

116

 (96.70)

115

(95.83)

86

(17.67)

120

(100.00)

Srikakulam

02 (02.53)

30

(37.97)

79 (100.00)

75

(94.94)

50

(63.29)

79

(100.00)

Total

24 (06.00)

176 (44.00)

395 (98.75)

387

(96.75)

378 (94.50)

400

(100.00)

 (Figure in brackets are percentage to their respective samples)

 

Table. 3

REASONS FOR STARTING THE BUSINESS

 

Class

Warangal

Khammam

Kurnool

Chittoor

East Godavari

Srikakulam

Total

To earn Money

38

(45.23)

26

(39.39)

09

(42.86)

12

(40.00)

62

(51.67)

31

(39.24)

178

(44.50)

Interest to do the Business

16

(19.05)

21

(31.82)

04

(19.05)

07

(23.33)

37

(30.83)

14

(17.72)

99

(24.75)

Frustration

with previous job

30

(35.71)

21

(31.82)

03

(14.29)

05

(16.67)

42

(35.00)

25

(31.65)

126

(31.50)

To utilize

Leisure time

22

(26.19)

25

(37.88)

06

(28.57)

10

(33.33)

31

(25.83)

16

(20.25)

110

(27.50)

To get financial liberty

26

(30.95)

18

(27.27)

07

(33.33)

09

(30.00)

40

(33.33)

21

(26.58)

121

(30.25)

Not willing to work elsewhere

15

(17.86)

10

(15.15)

01

(04.76)

02

(06.67)

22

(18.33)

11

(13.02)

61

(15.25)

Encouragement from husband and others

32

(38.10)

27

(40.91)

08

(38.10)

11

(36.67)

36

(30.00)

23

(29.11)

137

(34.25)

To develop ideas

09

(10.71)

12

(18.18)

04

(19.06)

05

(16.67)

18

(15.00)

07

(08.86)

55

(13.75)

Total

84

66

21

30

120

79

400

 

Figures in brackets are percentages to their respective samples

 

 

 

 

 

Table. 4

 DISTRIBUTION OF SHG MEMBERS BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY

Business Activity

Warangal

Khammam

Kurnool

Chittoor

East. Godavari

Srikakulam

Total

Dairy

12

(14.29)

09

(13.64)

04

(19.05)

03

(10.00)

08

(06.67)

09

(11.53)

46

(11.50)

Pickles and Powders

11

(13.09)

14

(21.21)

01

(04.76)

06

(20.00)

17

(14.17)

08

(10.25)

57

(14.25)

Garments

07

(08.33)

11

(16.67)

05

(23.81)

04

(13.33)

13

(10.83)

10

(12.82)

50

(12.50)

Kirana and Tea Stalls

14

(16.67)

08

(12.12)

02

(09.52)

_

10

(08.33)

11

(14.10)

45

(11.25)

Vegetables

08

(09.52)

04

(06.06)

02

(9.52)

03

(10.00)

06

(05.00)

13

(16.66)

36

(09.00)

AddaLeaf , Agarbathi and Candles

06

(07.17)

06

(09.09)

_

02

(06.67)

03

(02.50)

04

(05.12)

21

(05.25)

Construction Material

_

02

(03.03)

_

02

(06.67)

06

(05.00)

02

(02.56)

12

(03.00)

Coconut and Coir

05

(05.95)

_

_

05

(16.67)

14

(11.67)

09

(11.53)

33

(08.25)

Handicrafts

08

(09.52)

04

(06.06)

04

(19.01)

04

(13.33)

12

(10.00)

05

(06.41)

37

(09.25)

Sweets and Bakery

_

_

_

_

16

(13.33)

_

16

(04.00)

Dry Fish

04

(04.76)

_

_

_

07

(05.83)

07

(08.97)

18

(04.50)

Lace and Leather bags

09

(10.73)

08

(12.12)

03

(14.29)

01

(03.33)

08

(06.67)

_

29

(07.25)

total

84

(100.00)

66

(100.00)

21

(100.00)

30

(100.00)

120

(100.00)

28

(100.00)

400

(100.00)

 

Figures in brackets are percentages to their respective samples

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table. 5

DISTRICT – WISE ACCUMULATED SAVINGS BY SHG MEMBERS AS ON DATE OF ENQUIRY

District

No. of  Members

Total Accumulated Savings in Rs

Average Accumulated Savings in Rs

Warangal

84

4,72,500

5,625

Khammam

66

3,44,000

5,212

Kurnool

21

1,39,000

6,619

Chittor

30

2,06,500

6,883

East.Godavari

120

8,62,000

7,183

Srikakulam

78

4,34,800

5,575

Total

400

24,64,500

6,161

 

 

 

 

 

 

Activity

No. of Members

Total Investment in Rs.

Average Investment

Dairy

46

8,55,200

18,591

Pickles and Powders

57

14,23,150

24,968

Garments

50

 

11,78,100

23,562

Kirana and Tea Stalls

45

7,08,450

15,743

Vegetables and Dolls

36

4,60,350

12,788

Adda Leaf,Agarbathi and Candles

21

29,6500

14,119

Construction Materials

12

33,7050

28,088

Coconut and Coir

33

72,5600

21,988

Handicrafts

37

87,0700

23,532

Sweets and Bakery

16

46,1850

28,866

Dry Fish

18

29,1800

16,211

Lace and Leather bags

29

83,6350

28,840

Total

400

84,4500

21,113

 

Table. 6

ACTIVITY-WISE INVESTMENT OF THE SHG MEMBERS AS ON DATE OF ENQUIRY

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table.7

DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITY – WISE SHG MEMBERS BY LOANS REPAYMENT PERFORMANCE

Activity

No. of Members

Group Loan

Bank Loan

Regular

Irregular

Regular

Irregular

Dairy

46

(11.50)

39

(09.75)

07

(01.75)

45

(11.25)

01

(0.25)

Pickles and Powders

57

(14.25)

51

(12.75)

06

(01.50)

56

(14.00)

01

(0.25)

Garments

50

(12.50)

44

(11.00)

06

(01.50)

50

(12.50)

0

(0.00)

Kirana and Tea Stalls

45

(11.25)

39

(09.75)

06

(01.50)

43

(10.75)

02

(0.50)

Vegetables and Dolls

36

(09.00)

30

(07.50)

06

(01.50)

34

(08.50)

02

(0.50)

Adda Leaf,Agarbathi and Candles

21

(05.25)

17

(04.25)

04

(01.00)

20

(05.00)

01

(0.25)

Construction Materials

12

(03.00)

11

(02.75)

01

(0.25)

12

(03.00)

0

(0.00)

Coconut and Coir

33

(08.25)

30

(07.50)

03

(0.75)

33

(08.25)

0

(0.00)

Handicrafts

37

(09.25)

31

(07.75)

06

(01.50)

36

(09.00)

01

(0.25)

Sweets and Bakery

16

(04.00)

14

(03.50)

02

(0.50)

16

(04.00)

0

(0.00)

Dry Fish

18

(04.50)

15

(03.75)

03

(0.75)

17

(04.25)

1

(0.25)

Lace and Leather bags

29

(07.25)

26

(06.50)

03

(0.75)

29

(07.23)

00

(0.00)

Total

400

(100.00)

347

(86.75)

53

(13.25)

391

(97.75)

9

(2.25)

Figures in Brackets are percentage to 450  

 

 

Table. 8

AVERAGE MONTHLY NET INCOME OF MEMBERS FROM EACH BUSINESS ACTIVITY

 

Activity

No. of Members

Total Net income per month Rs

Average Net income per month Rs

Dairy

46

54800

1,200

Pickles and Powders

57

91200

1,600

Garments

50

 

75500

1,500

Kirana and Tea Stalls

45

45400

1,008

Vegetables and Dolls

36

29500

819

Adda Leaf, Agarbathi and Candles

21

19000

905

Construction Materials

12

21600

1,800

Coconut and Coir

33

46500

1,409

Handicrafts

37

55800

1,508

Sweets and Bakery

16

29600

1,850

Dry Fish

18

18700

1,038

Lace and Leather bags

29

53600

1,848

Total

400

541200

1,353

 

 

Table. 9

INVOLVEMENT IN DOMESTIC AND BUSINESS DECISIONS BY

FAMILY MEMERS

District

Domestic Decision

Business  Decision

Self

Husband

Joint

Others

Total

Self

Husband

Joint

Others

Total

Warangal

33

(39.29)

21

(25.00)

25

(29.76)

05

(5.95)

84

(100.00)

29

(34.52)

08

(09.52)

47

(55.96)

_

84

(100.00)

Khammam

20

(30.30)

23

(34.85)

16

(24.24)

07

(10.61)

66

(100.00)

20

(30.30)

15

(22.73)

29

(43.94)

02

(03.03)

66

(100.00)

Kurnool

08

(38.10)

06

(28.57)

07

(33.33)

_

21

(100.00)

08

(38.10)

03

(14.28)

10

(47.62)

_

21

(100.00)

Chittoor

10

(33.33)

07

(23.33)

13

(43.34)

_

30

(100.00)

08

(26.67)

05

(16.67)

17

(56.66)

_

30

(100.00)

East. Godavari

29

(24.17)

54

(45.00)

24

(20.00)

13

(10.83)

120

(100.00)

32

(26.67)

22

(18.33)

55

(45.83)

11

(09.17)

120

(100.00)

srikakulam

21

(26.58)

33

(41.77)

19

(24.06)

06

(07.59)

79

(100.00)

26

(32.91)

16

(20.25)

34

(43.04)

03

(03.80)

79

(100.00)

Total

121

(30.26)

144

(36.00)

104

(26.00)

31

(07.75)

400

(100.00)

123

(30.75)

69

(17.11)

192

(48.00)

16

(04.00)

400

(100.00)

 

 

 

 

 

About the Author

Dr. SHANMUKHA PADALA : The author is a well qualified and posses Vast teaching experience in Field of Management. He has great interest in the field of Human Resource Management and Accountancy. Now he is working as Faculty in the Department of Commerce and Management Studies, Andhra University Campus, Vizianagaram. He participated in several National and International Seminars, Workshops, Symposias,  FDP Programmes and published rich number of articles in reputed journals.       E-Mail: srpadaslaau@gmail.com and Mobile : +91 94403 23606.

 

2. Dr. N.V.S.SURYANARAYANA : The author is an eminent person in the field of Education. Presently he is working as Faculty in the Department of Education, Andhra University Campus, Vizianagaram. He has rich experience in the field of Teacher Education about a decade at Post Degree and PG level. He is very much fascinated to Psychology and posess much interested in Educational Psychology and Guidance & Counseling. He participated in so many National and International Seminars, Workshops, Refresher Courses, Symposia's and published so many articles in reputed Journals. He produced a number of M.Ed and M.Phil Dissertations.He wrote so many books on recent trends in education and innovative Psychological concepts. He is having Lifetime memberships in various alleged Associations. E-Mail: suryanarayana_nvs@yahoo.com, Mobile : +91 94403 48609, +91 7893136613. Res. (08922) 229339

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