Deep Foundation

What sort of site would require a deep foundation system?

How far below the ground would stable soil/rock have to be for the site to be determined to require piling?
I've been issued a research project with a scenario. The site topography shows 4m of clay before it hits a foundation of shale. Would that suffice a need for piling?
The project is a group of 12 warehouses, 900m2 each.

I would think a warehouse could suffice with a simple spread footing, even though the soils are expansive clay. If it were a high-rise, I'd recommend pilings to the shale.

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